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HODL Waves: Visualizing Bitcoin Supply by Holding Age

HODL Waves: Visualizing Bitcoin Supply by Holding Age

HODL Waves are an on-chain analysis tool that visualizes the age distribution of Bitcoin's total supply over time. This metric categorizes the entire circulating Bitcoin supply into various "age bands" based on the last time each coin was

Intermediate6/26/2026
Bitcoin NUPL: Net Unrealized Profit/Loss Explained

Bitcoin NUPL: Net Unrealized Profit/Loss Explained

The Net Unrealized Profit/Loss (NUPL) is an on-chain indicator that assesses the overall profit or loss state of the Bitcoin network. It helps identify periods of market overvaluation or undervaluation by comparing the current market value

Intermediate6/26/2026
Bitcoin as Digital Gold: A Comparison with Physical Gold

Bitcoin as Digital Gold: A Comparison with Physical Gold

Bitcoin is often referred to as "digital gold" due to its perceived scarcity and role as a store of value, drawing parallels with the traditional safe-haven asset. This article explores the similarities and differences between Bitcoin and

Intermediate6/26/2026
Lost Bitcoin: Estimates of Permanently Inaccessible Supply

Lost Bitcoin: Estimates of Permanently Inaccessible Supply

Lost Bitcoin refers to coins that are permanently unspendable due to forgotten private keys, hardware failures, or other irreversible circumstances. This phenomenon significantly reduces the effective circulating supply, thereby enhancing

Intermediate6/26/2026
Bitcoin's 21 Million Cap: Understanding Its Finite Supply

Bitcoin's 21 Million Cap: Understanding Its Finite Supply

Bitcoin's maximum supply is permanently capped at 21 million coins, a fundamental design choice by Satoshi Nakamoto to create scarcity. This fixed limit is enforced by the network's code and has profound implications for its value and

Intermediate6/26/2026
Bitcoin Stock-to-Flow Ratio: Step-by-Step Calculation

Bitcoin Stock-to-Flow Ratio: Step-by-Step Calculation

The Stock-to-Flow (S2F) ratio quantifies the scarcity of an asset by comparing its total existing supply to its annual production rate. For Bitcoin, this involves relating the current circulating supply to the newly mined coins over a year.

Intermediate6/26/2026
Recursive Inscriptions on Bitcoin Explained

Recursive Inscriptions on Bitcoin Explained

Recursive Inscriptions allow new Bitcoin Ordinals to reference data from existing ones, overcoming individual size limits and enabling more complex digital assets. This innovation transforms Bitcoin into a versatile platform for intricate

Intermediate6/26/2026
BRC-20 Token Standard: Mint, Deploy, and Transfer

BRC-20 Token Standard: Mint, Deploy, and Transfer

BRC-20 tokens are an experimental fungible token standard on the Bitcoin blockchain, leveraging Ordinals inscriptions. They enable the creation, minting, and transfer of tokens by inscribing JSON data onto satoshis.

Intermediate6/26/2026
Understanding Lightning Network Routing Fees

Understanding Lightning Network Routing Fees

The Lightning Network is a Layer 2 solution for Bitcoin, enabling faster and cheaper transactions off-chain. Routing fees are small payments to nodes that forward these transactions, incentivizing network operation and liquidity provision.

Intermediate6/26/2026
Lightning Invoices and the BOLT11 Format Explained

Lightning Invoices and the BOLT11 Format Explained

Lightning invoices are standardized payment requests on the Lightning Network, enabling instant and low-cost Bitcoin transactions. The BOLT11 format specifies the structure and content of these invoices, including critical details like the

Intermediate6/26/2026
Lightning Splicing: Adjusting Channels Without Closing

Lightning Splicing: Adjusting Channels Without Closing

Lightning Splicing enables users to modify the capacity of existing Lightning Network channels without requiring them to be closed and reopened. This innovation allows for continuous channel operation and reduces the on-chain transaction

Intermediate6/26/2026
Lightning Channel Liquidity: Inbound and Outbound

Lightning Channel Liquidity: Inbound and Outbound

Lightning Network liquidity refers to the capacity to send or receive Bitcoin through payment channels. Understanding the directional nature of this liquidity, specifically inbound and outbound, is fundamental for efficient network

Intermediate6/26/2026
Lightning Routing: How Payments Find Their Path

Lightning Routing: How Payments Find Their Path

Lightning Routing is the process by which payments navigate the Bitcoin Lightning Network, an off-chain layer designed for rapid, low-cost transactions. It enables users to send Bitcoin to others without a direct payment channel, utilizing

Intermediate6/26/2026
Hashed Time-Locked Contracts Explained

Hashed Time-Locked Contracts Explained

Hashed Time-Locked Contracts (HTLCs) are a fundamental building block for off-chain transactions, particularly within the Lightning Network. They enable secure, trustless payments by combining cryptographic proofs with time-based

Intermediate6/26/2026
Initial Block Download (IBD): Synchronizing the Blockchain

Initial Block Download (IBD): Synchronizing the Blockchain

Initial Block Download (IBD) is the fundamental process by which a new node fully synchronizes with a blockchain network. It involves downloading and verifying every historical block from the genesis block to the current state, ensuring

Intermediate6/26/2026
Running a Bitcoin Full Node: Purpose and Benefits

Running a Bitcoin Full Node: Purpose and Benefits

A Bitcoin full node is a computer running the Bitcoin software that validates all transactions and blocks according to the network's rules. Operating your own full node enhances your security and privacy while contributing to the

Intermediate6/26/2026
Bitcoin Block Time: Why 10 Minutes Was Chosen

Bitcoin Block Time: Why 10 Minutes Was Chosen

Bitcoin's block time is the average duration required to add a new block of transactions to its blockchain, set at approximately 10 minutes. This target was a deliberate design choice by Satoshi Nakamoto, balancing network propagation with

Intermediate6/26/2026
Bitcoin Confirmations: Why Six is the Standard

Bitcoin Confirmations: Why Six is the Standard

Bitcoin confirmations indicate how many blocks have been added to the blockchain since a transaction was included. Six confirmations are widely considered the industry standard for a Bitcoin transaction to be deemed irreversible and secure.

Intermediate6/26/2026
Bitcoin Orphan Blocks and Stale Blocks Explained

Bitcoin Orphan Blocks and Stale Blocks Explained

In the Bitcoin network, orphan blocks and stale blocks are valid blocks that ultimately do not become part of the main blockchain. They arise from the decentralized nature of mining and network propagation delays, where multiple miners

Intermediate6/26/2026
SHA-256 in Bitcoin: The Double Hashing Function

SHA-256 in Bitcoin: The Double Hashing Function

SHA-256 is a cryptographic hash function fundamental to Bitcoin's security and operation. It ensures data integrity and powers the network's Proof of Work mechanism through a unique double hashing process.

Intermediate6/26/2026
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